Presentation Slides | Guided Notes

Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy: structure of body parts
Physiology: function of body parts; what they do and how.

*Story of Burke and Hare

*Solving Crimes with the Necrobiome

Essential Question: What happened to Kati Mori at the London Marathon?

What were Kati's symptoms?

Homeostasis - tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment

Energy required to keep the body in working order

Levels of Organization

Atoms → Molecules → Macromolecules →Organelles → Cells →Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism

Characteristics (Processes) of Life

  1. Movement - self initiated change in __________, motion of internal parts
  2. Responsiveness - ability to sense changes and ______________
  3. Growth - increase in _________________
  4. Reproduction - DNA passed from parents to _________________
  5. Respiration - obtaining ____________________
  6. Digestion - chemically changing (breaking down) ______________
  7. Absorption -passage of digested products (food) through membranes and into ___________________________
  8. Circulation - movement of ________________________ throughout the body
  9. Assimilation -changing absorbed substances into ______________________ different substances
  10. Excretion - removal of ______________________

Functions / Characteristics of Human Life

1. Organization  - cells, tissues, organs
2. Metabolism - reactions in the body, requires energy
3. Responsiveness - sense changes and react to them
4. Movement - change in position, motion of internal parts
5. Growth - increase in body size (also repair)
6. Reproduction - passing DNA to new individuals
7. Development -  changes in the body, including differentiation.

Differentiation - the process by which cells become specialized to perform a specific function
Cells differentiate by acting and deactivating genes

Metabolism: All physical and chemical changes occurring in an organism

All of these processes require: ENERGY - Energy comes from the food we eat.

Requirements for Life

Needs: Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure

Article: "Why We Need Air Pressure"

Feedback Loops - how the body makes adjustments when the environment changes

Normal range indicates where the body can function, or what is optimal
Set point is the value around which the range fluctuates

Sensors (receptors) - detect conditions such as temperate and relay to brain

Effectors - muscles of glands that respond. Ex. sweat glands

Negative Feedback Loop - body temperature rises, brain signals to increase sweating to return body to set point

Positive Feedback Loop - suckling by infant stimulates breast milk

Kati's Vital Signs

Vital signs are measurements of the body's basic functions (heart rate, temperature, respiration)

Vital signs indicate Kati has hyponatremia (too much water)

To treat this condition, doctors give patients a drug to increase urination

Feedback Loops Assignment

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical position - standing upright, palms facing forward

Prone = Facedown | Supine = face up

Regional Descriptions

Superior / Inferior = above / below

Medial / Lateral = toward outside / toward inner

Anterior/ Posterior = above or toward head / below or toward tail

Proximal / Distal = closer / farther

Superficial / Deep = surface / deep

Regional Terms - each area of the body has a name | Labeling Exercise

Planes of the Body

Sagittal | Transverse | Frontal (coronal)

General Organization of the Body:

Axial Portion - head, neck, trunk | Appendicular Portion - arms & legs

VISCERA = internal organs. also: "visceral organs"

Body Cavities

body cavities

Dorsal Cavity = backside

Ventral Cavity = frontside

Cranial cavity = brain

Spinal cavity = within vertebrae, spinal cord

Thoracic = chest

Abdomen =stomach

Pelvic = lower abdoment

Abdominopelvic = abdomen + pelvic region

Diaphragm - muscle that separates thoracic from abdominal cavity

Body Cavities Labeling

Membranes

SEROUS MEMBRANE - two layers, covers organs

outer layer = PARIETAL layer and forms a "lining"
inner layer = VISCERAL layer, covers the surface of organs

Pleura (or pleural membrane) - surrounds the lungs

Pericardium (or pericardial membrane) - surrounds the heart

Peritoneum (or peritoneal membrane) - surrounds organs within the abdominopelvic cavity

*Between the layers of each membrane is a lubricating fluid which is called SEROUS FLUID

*A seroma is a pocket of serous fluid (causes swelling)

Eviscerate - to remove the visceral organs

ORGAN SYSTEMS How does this system maintain homeostasis?
1. Integumentary Body covering. Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands.
- protect underlying tissues, regulate body temperature		  
2. Skeletal Bones, ligaments, cartilage
- Support, movement, protection; production of blood cells		  
3. Muscular Muscles of the body
- Movement, posture, production of body heat		  
4. Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves
- Communication, mental activities		  
5. Endocrine Glands = pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes
- Secretion of hormones, chemical communication		  
6. Digestive Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines,
- Breakdown of food (digestion), absorption 		 
7. Circulatory Heart, blood vessels, blood.
- Transports materials throughout the body.
 
8. Lymphatic ( Immune System) - fights infections  
8. Urinary Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- filters wastes from the blood, maintains water balance		  
9. Reproductive Reproductive organs, primarily the ovaries (females) and testes (males)
  

 

*Learn to Identify and Describe the Body Regions (Body Regions Handout)

*Learn the names of specialized medical fields. (Medical and Applied Science)